Viva questions

Acid-base

• Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
• Titratable acidity
• Buffers

Cardiovascular

• Determinants of myocardial O2 demand and supply
• Myocardial contractility
• CVP/RAP trace
• LV pressure time curve
• LV pressure volume loop
• Coronary artery blood flow
• Oxygen flux
• Circulatory changes at birth
• Pressure trace right atrium to wedge
• PCWP as an estimate of LV preload
• Afterload, preload
• Myocyte action potential
• Starling law of the heart
• Radial artery vs aortic waveform
• Radial artery waveform changes with age
• ?? Autoregulation
• Cardiac function curves
• Cerebral blood flow
• Cerebral blood flow measurement
• Comparison of pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances
• Resistance in fluid system
• Haemorrhage (include temporal)
• ?? Venous return curves
• Guyton's curves
• Coronary sinus pO2
• Valsalva manoeuvre
• Effects of IPPV and PEEP
• Lymph (formation and flow)
• Head-down tilt - effect on ICP
• Coronary artery flow curves
• ECG label
• Wigger's diagram

Cellular

• Resting membrane potential
• Krebs cycle
• Transmembrane transport
• Nernst equation

Endocrine

• Effects of insulin
• Control of blood glucose
• Thyroid hormone (synthesis, action)
• Hormones released by the thyroid
• Pancreatic hormones
• alpha, beta, Ach, Histamine receptors

Fluid and electrolyte

• RMP
• ANP
• Mole/osmole/osmolality measurement
• Osmosis
• Colloid osmotic pressure
• Colligative properties
• 1/3 blood volume loss
• Calcium (function and regulation)
• Iron (distribution in body)
• Iodine metabolism
• Water homeostasis
• Composition of Hartmann's solution

GIT

• Dietary fat, protein, carbohydrate handling
• Bile and its loss
• Gastric secretion
• Pancreatic secretions
• Function of liver
• Gastric emptying
• Mechanism preventing gastro-oesophageal reflux
• Lower oesophageal sphincter

Hematology

• Haemoglobin structure and synthesis
• Coagulation
• What stops blood clotting
• Blood groups
• Crossmatching
• Von Willebrand's factor
• Hypersensitivity/Anaphylaxis
• Changes in stored blood
• Complement cascade
• Effects of massive transfusion
• Difference between plasma and serum
• Composition of fresh frozen plasma
• Content of a unit of pack cells
• Fibrinolysis

Maternal-foetal

• O2 transfer at placenta
• Cardiovascular changes at birth
• Respiratory changes at birth
• Cardiovascular changes during pregnancy
• Respiratory changes during pregnancy
• Endocrine changes during pregnancy
• Placenta anatomy

Metabolism

• Metabolism, aerobic vs anaerobic
• Glycolysis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
• Starvation

Muscles

• Different tyeps of muscles
• Describe a sarcomere

Neurology

• Blood brain barrier
• CSF composition, production and absorption
• Pain sensation
• ICP
• Monro-Kellie doctrine
• GABA receptors in CNS
• EEG waveforms
• Sleep

Renal

• Countercurrent system
• GFR; Starling forces
• Renal handling of bicarbonate
• Renal response in metabolic alkalosis/acidosis
• Renal concentrating/diluting ability
• Range of urine osmolalities
• Excretion of fixed acids
• ADH
• Total body water and measurement
• Free water clearance
• Effects of increased renal blood flow on GFR
• Renal blood flow
• Renal handling of potassium
• Function of kidney
• Tubular fluid osmotic chnges along the nephron
• Renal handing of glucose
• Renal handling of water balance

Respiratory

• Dead space, types and measurement
• Hypoxia, definition and classification
• Compliance (inc. static vs dynamic compliance)
• Pulmonary vascular resistance
• Effects of breathing high inspired CO2
• Ideal alveolar equation
• Altitude
• Effects of breathing low FiO2
• Oxygen cascade
• PaO2 and changes with age
• Work of breathing
• Diffusion
• Spirograph
• PEFR (?? peak expiratory flow rate)
• Airway resistance
• Flow volume loops
• Blood gases, acute respiratory acidosis
• Shunt/venous admixture
• CO2 carriage
• Oxygen carriage
• Alveolar-arterial gradient for oxygen
• Blood gas interpretation
• BMR/MRO2
• Causes of low PaO2
• Chemoreceptors, central and peripheral
• Control of ventilation
• Continuous positive airway pressure
• Haldane effect
• Hypoxia (classification and causes)
• Lung volumes
• Occluded left main bronchus
• Occluded left pulmonary artery
• Oxygen stores
• Resistance to breathing
• Respiratory quotient
• Respiratory effect of morbid obesity
• Shunt
• Surfactant
• Surface tension
• V/Q mismatch
• Distribution of pO2, pCO2, pH, and V/Q in the upright lung
• Venous admixture
• Effects of supine position
• Closing capacity
• Regional variations in ventilation
• Static compliance
• A-a gradient
• ETCO2 waveforms
• Effects of change in minute ventilation on CO2
• Effect of change in inspired pressure on CO2
• FRC and measurement
• Expired volume vs time graph [WG21:p656]
• Minute ventilation vs pCO2 and pO2
• Systemic circulation vs pulmonary circulation

 

Measurement/physics

• Mass spectrometer
• Transducers
• Wheatstone bridge
• SI units
• Flowmeters; types and principles
• Impedance/resistor/inducer
• Pneumotacograph
• Humidity
• Boiling point
• Heat vs Temperature
• Calibration of arterial lines
• Capnography
• Humidity
• Measurement of blood pressure
• Measurement of cardiac output
• Measure of gas flow
• Measurement of intracellular water
• Measurement of osmolality
• Measurement of temperature
• Measurement of end-tidal CO2
• Pulse oximetry
• Cardiac output: invasive and non-invasive

Other

• Effect of tourniquet release
• Effect of steep trendelenberg position
• Hormones (definition, classification, secretion)
• Reflexes
• Thermoregulation
• Thermoneutral zone
• Causes of heat loss
• Effect of 48 hour fast
• Lactate production