1 / 795
Table of contents
Notes
1. Basic sciences
1.1. Pharmacology
1.1.1. Fluid
1.1.1.1. Perioperative fluid management
1.1.2. Phenytoin
1.1.2.1. Purple glove syndrome
1.1.3. Propylene glycol
1.1.4. Calcium
1.2. Physiology
1.2.1. Fluid physiology
3. Old stuff
3.1. Old pharm stuff (pre 2009)
3.1.1. Scrap
3.1.1.1. Sympathomimetics
3.1.1.1.1. Adrenaline
3.1.1.1.2. Noradrenaline
3.1.1.1.3. Dopamine
3.1.1.1.4. Phenylephrine
3.1.1.1.5. Isoproterenol
3.1.1.1.6. Dobutamine
3.1.1.1.7. Dopexamine
3.1.1.1.8. Salbutamol
3.1.1.1.9. Ephedrine
3.1.1.1.10. Metaraminol
3.1.1.1.11. Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
3.1.1.2. Drugs affecting coagulation
3.1.1.2.1. Antiplatelet
3.1.1.2.2. Anticoagulants
3.1.1.2.2.2. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH)
3.1.1.2.2.3. Oral anticoagulants
3.1.1.3. Adrenergic antagonists
3.1.1.3.1. Prazosin
3.1.1.4. Antibiotics
3.1.1.4.2. Macrolides
3.1.1.5. ASA 2007 September
3.1.3. Pharmacology
3.1.3.1. Pharmacology principles
3.1.3.1.1. Pharmacokinetics
3.1.3.1.1.1. Drug passage across cell membrane
3.1.3.1.1.2. Absorption
3.1.3.1.1.3. Distribution of drugs
3.1.3.1.1.3.1. Volume of distribution
3.1.3.1.1.3.2. Ionisation
3.1.3.1.1.3.3. Protein-binding
3.1.3.1.1.4. Clearance
3.1.3.1.1.5. Drug metabolism
3.1.3.1.1.6. Half-time and half-life
3.1.3.1.1.7. Compartment model
3.1.3.1.2. Pharmacodynamics
3.1.3.1.2.1. Stereochemistry
3.1.3.1.2.2. Mechanism of drug actions
3.1.3.1.2.2.1. Receptors
3.1.3.1.2.2.1.1. NMDA receptors
3.1.3.1.2.2.1.2. G-protein system
3.1.3.1.2.2.1.3. Receptor occupancy theory
3.1.3.1.2.3. Dose-response relationship
3.1.3.1.2.3.1. Drug response and tolerance
3.1.3.1.2.3.2. Altered drug response
3.1.3.1.3. Pharmacogenetics
3.1.3.1.3.1. Porphyria
3.1.3.1.3.2. Atypical plasma cholinesterase
3.1.3.1.3.3. Malignant hyperthermia
3.1.3.1.3.3.1. Dantrolene
3.1.3.1.4. Phases of clinical trials
3.1.3.1.5. Variability in drug response
3.1.3.1.6. Pharmaceutics
3.1.3.2. Inhalational anaesthetic agents
3.1.3.2.2. Pharmacodynamics of inhalational anaesthetics
3.1.3.2.2.1. Minimal alveolar concentration
3.1.3.2.2.2. Mechanism of immobility by inhalational anaesthetics
3.1.3.2.2.3. Mechanism of anaesthesia-induced unconsciousness
3.1.3.2.4. Individual inhalational anaesthetic agents
3.1.3.2.4.1. Ideal inhaled anaesthetic agent
3.1.3.2.4.2. Halothane
3.1.3.2.4.3. Enflurane
3.1.3.2.4.4. Isoflurane
3.1.3.2.4.5. Desflurane
3.1.3.2.4.6. Sevoflurane
3.1.3.2.4.7. Nitrous oxide
3.1.3.2.4.8. Xenon
3.1.3.2.5. Comparisons of inhalational agents
3.1.3.2.5.1. CNS effects of inhalational anaesthetic agents
3.1.3.2.5.2. CVS effects of inhalational anaesthetic agents
3.1.3.2.5.4. Hepatic effects of inhalational anaesthetic agents
3.1.3.2.5.5. Renal effects of inhalational anaesthetic agents
3.1.3.2.5.6. Other effects of inhalational anaesthetic agents
3.1.3.2.5.7. Metabolism of inhalational anaesthetic agents
3.1.3.2.6. CO2 absorbent
3.1.3.3. IV anaesthetic agents
3.1.3.3.1. Ideal IV anaesthetic agent
3.1.3.3.2. Propofol
3.1.3.3.3. Etomidate
3.1.3.3.4. Ketamine
3.1.3.3.5. Barbiturate
3.1.3.4. Local anaesthetics
3.1.3.4.1. Pharmacodynamics of local anaesthetics
3.1.3.4.2. Pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetics
3.1.3.4.3. Clinical uses of local anaesthetics
3.1.3.4.4. Cocaine
3.1.3.4.5. Lignocaine
3.1.3.5. Opioids
3.1.3.5.1. Neuraxial Opioids
3.1.3.5.2. Opioid receptors
3.1.3.5.3. Opioid agonists
3.1.3.5.3.1. Pharmacodynamics of opioids
3.1.3.5.3.2. Pharmacokinetics of opioids
3.1.3.5.3.3. Morphine
3.1.3.5.3.3.1. Morphine-6-glucuronide
3.1.3.5.3.4. Pethidine
3.1.3.5.3.5. Fentanyl
3.1.3.5.3.6. Sufentanil
3.1.3.5.3.7. Alfentanil
3.1.3.5.3.8. Remifentanil
3.1.3.5.3.9. Other opioid agonists
3.1.3.5.3.9.1. Codeine
3.1.3.5.3.9.2. Oxycodone
3.1.3.5.3.9.3. Methadone
3.1.3.5.3.9.4. Propoxyphene
3.1.3.5.3.9.5. Tramadol
3.1.3.5.3.10. Opioid dose conversion
3.1.3.5.5. Opioid antagonists
3.1.3.5.5.1. Naloxone
3.1.3.5.5.2. Naltrexone
3.1.3.5.5.3. Nalmefene
3.1.3.5.5.4. Methylnaltrexone
3.1.3.6. NSAIDs
3.1.3.6.1. COX-2 inhibitors
3.1.3.7. Neuromuscular blocking drugs
3.1.3.7.1. Depolarising NMBDs
3.1.3.7.1.1. Suxamethonium
3.1.3.7.2. Non-depolarising NMBDs
3.1.3.7.2.1. Long-acting nondepolarising NMBDs
3.1.3.7.2.1.1. Pancuronium
3.1.3.7.2.2. Intermediate-acting nondepolarising NMBDs
3.1.3.7.2.2.1. Atracurium
3.1.3.7.2.2.2. Cisatracurium
3.1.3.7.2.2.3. Vecuronium
3.1.3.7.2.2.4. Rocuronium
3.1.3.7.2.3. Short-acting nondepolarising NMBDs
3.1.3.7.2.3.1. Mivacurium
3.1.3.7.3. Neuromuscular blockade
3.1.3.7.4. Neuromuscular monitoring
3.1.3.8. Acetylcholine-related drugs
3.1.3.8.1. Anticholinesterase
3.1.3.8.2. Cholinergic agonists
3.1.3.8.3. Anticholinergic drugs
3.1.3.10. Pharmacology tables
3.1.3.10.1. Table - Inhalational Anaesthetics
3.1.3.10.2. Table - IV induction agents
3.1.3.10.3. Table - Local anaesthetics
3.1.3.10.4. Table - Opioid agonists
3.1.4. Physiology
3.1.4.2. Neurophysiology
3.1.4.2.1. Nausea and vomiting
3.1.4.2.2. Circumventricular organs
3.1.4.2.3. Acetylcholine
3.1.4.2.3.1. Acetylcholine receptors
3.1.4.2.3.1.1. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
3.1.4.2.3.1.2. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
3.1.4.2.4. Neuromuscular junction
3.1.4.2.5. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
3.1.4.2.5.1. GABA receptors
3.1.4.2.6. Glycine
3.1.4.3. GIT physiology
3.1.4.3.1. Stomach
3.1.4.4. Haematology
3.1.4.4.1. Haemostasis
3.1.4.4.1.1. Clot formation
3.1.4.4.1.1.1. Platelet plug formation
3.1.4.4.1.1.2. Coagulation cascade
3.1.4.4.1.1.3. Control of clot formation
3.1.4.4.1.2. Fibrinolysis
3.1.4.4.1.3. Coagulation factors
3.1.4.4.1.4. Vitamin K
3.1.4.5. Renal physiology
3.1.4.5.1. Renal clearance
3.1.4.6. Esterases
3.1.4.8. General physiology
3.1.4.8.1. Osmolality and tonicity
3.1.4.8.1.1. Colligative properties
3.1.5. Clinical measurements
3.1.5.1. Basic physics principles
3.1.5.1.1. Diffusion
3.1.6. Anatomy
3.1.6.1. Spinal anatomy
3.1.7. Anaesthetics
3.1.7.1. Anaesthetic complications
3.1.7.2. Outcome prognostic factors
3.1.7.3. Entropy
3.1.7.4. Serotonin syndrome
3.1.7.5. Anaphylaxis
3.1.7.5.1. Anaphylaxis vs anaphylactoid reaction
3.1.7.5.2. Anaphylaxis treatment
3.1.8. Anaesthetic interview
3.1.9. Others
3.1.9.2. Abbreviations
3.1.10. SAQ Pharmacology
3.1.10.1. Pharmacodynamics SAQs
3.1.10.2. Pharmacokinetics SAQs
3.1.10.3. Other general pharmacology SAQs
3.1.10.4. Inhalational anaesthetics SAQs
3.1.10.5. IV anaesthetics SAQs
3.1.10.6. Opioids SAQs
3.1.10.7. NMBDs SAQs
3.2. Old physio stuff (around 2005)
3.2.1. Pharmacology
3.2.1.1. IV anaesthetics
3.2.1.1.1. Nonbarbiturate IV anaesthetics
3.2.1.2. Analgesia
3.2.1.3. Autonomic drugs
3.2.1.3.1. Sympathomimetics
3.2.1.4. Cardiovascular drugs
3.2.1.4.1. Antihypertensive drugs
3.2.1.4.2. Peripheral vasodilators
3.2.1.4.3. Anti-arrhythmia drugs
3.2.1.4.4. Calcium channel blockers
3.2.1.5. Antibiotics
3.2.1.5.1. Beta-lactam antibacterial drugs
3.2.1.5.1.1. Penicillin
3.2.1.6. Antiemetic
3.2.1.6.1. Dopamine antagonist
3.2.1.6.1.1. Phenothiazine
3.2.1.6.1.2. Butyrophenones
3.2.1.6.1.3. Benzamide
3.2.1.6.2. 5-HT3 antagonist
3.2.1.6.3. Anti-histamine
3.2.1.6.4. Anti-cholinergic
3.2.1.6.5. Miscellaneous anti-emetic agents
3.2.1.7. Glyosides
3.2.1.8. Pharmacology syllabus
3.2.2. Sydney course talk - temporary cache
3.2.2.1. Statistics
3.2.2.2. Pharmacogenetics
3.2.2.3. Pharmaceuticals
3.2.2.4. Inhalational agent talk
3.2.2.5. IV induction talk
3.2.2.6. Elderly
3.2.2.7. SAQ
3.2.3. Physiology
3.2.3.1. Acid and base
3.2.3.1.1. Basics of acid-base
3.2.3.1.1.1. Definitions of acid and base
3.2.3.1.1.3. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
3.2.3.1.1.4. pH and [H+] conversion
3.2.3.1.1.5. pH and temperature
3.2.3.1.1.6. Acid production
3.2.3.1.1.7. Anion gap
3.2.3.1.1.8. Base excess
3.2.3.1.2. Defence to acid-base disturbance
3.2.3.1.3. Acid-base disturbances
3.2.3.1.3.1. Respiratory acidosis
3.2.3.1.3.1.1. Causes of respiratory acidosis
3.2.3.1.4. From Kerry's book
3.2.3.1.4.1. Metabolic acidosis
3.2.3.1.4.1.1. Causes of metabolic acidosis
3.2.3.1.4.2. Respiratory alkalosis
3.2.3.1.4.3. Metabolic alkalosis
3.2.3.1.4.4. Lactic acidosis
3.2.3.1.4.5. Ketoacidosis
3.2.3.1.4.6. Renal causes of acidosis
3.2.3.1.4.7. Metabolic Acidosis due to Drugs and Toxins
3.2.3.1.4.8. Sodium bicarbonate
3.2.3.1.4.9. Diagnosis
3.2.3.1.4.10. Pregnancy
3.2.3.1.4.11. Infants
3.2.3.1.4.12. Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis
3.2.3.1.5. Rules
3.2.3.1.6. Miscellaneous in acid and base
3.2.3.2. Cardiovascular
3.2.3.2.2. Heart
3.2.3.2.2.1. Structure
3.2.3.2.2.2. Electrical activity
3.2.3.2.2.2.1. Conduction speed
3.2.3.2.2.2.2. Fast-response cardiac action potential
3.2.3.2.2.2.2.1. Voltage-dependent sodium channel
3.2.3.2.2.2.2.1.1. Refractory period
3.2.3.2.2.2.2.2. Calcium channel
3.2.3.2.2.2.2.3. Potassium channels
3.2.3.2.2.2.3. Slow-response cardiac action potential
3.2.3.2.2.2.3.1. Pacemaker potential
3.2.3.2.2.2.4. ECG
3.2.3.2.2.3. Heart pump
3.2.3.2.2.3.1. Left ventricular pressure-time curve
3.2.3.2.2.3.2. Stroke volume
3.2.3.2.2.3.3. Heart sounds
3.2.3.2.3. Peripheral circulation
3.2.3.2.3.1. Haemodynamics
3.2.3.2.3.2. Starling forces
3.2.3.2.3.3. Lymph
3.2.3.2.3.4. Blood vessels
3.2.3.2.4. Regulatory mechanisms
3.2.3.2.4.1. Regulation of heart rate
3.2.3.2.4.1.1. ANS innervation of the heart
3.2.3.2.4.1.2. Reflexes on HR
3.2.3.2.4.2. Regulation of peripheral blood flow
3.2.3.2.4.2.1. Local control
3.2.3.2.4.2.1.1. Endothelium-related vasoactive substances
3.2.3.2.4.2.1.2. Basal tone of vascular smooth muscles
3.2.3.2.4.2.2. Systemic control by hormone
3.2.3.2.4.2.2.1. Effects of catecholamines on BP
3.2.3.2.4.2.3. Systemic control by nervous system
3.2.3.2.4.2.3.1. Vasomotor centre
3.2.3.2.4.2.3.2. Baroreceptors
3.2.3.2.4.2.3.3. Other vascular reflexes
3.2.3.2.4.3. Control of cardiac output
3.2.3.2.4.3.1. Cardiac function curve (of Guyton)
3.2.3.2.4.3.2. Vascular function curve
3.2.3.2.5. Special circulations
3.2.3.2.5.1. Cerebral blood flow
3.2.3.2.5.1.1. Cerebral perfusion
3.2.3.2.5.1.2. Intracranial pressure
3.2.3.2.5.1.3. CSF
3.2.3.2.5.2. Coronary blood flow
3.2.3.2.5.2.1. Myocardial oxygen consumption
3.2.3.2.5.2.2. Myocardial perfusion
3.2.3.2.5.3. Renal
3.2.3.2.5.4. Hepatic
3.2.3.2.5.5. Skin blood flow
3.2.3.2.5.6. Foetal circulation
3.2.3.2.6. Special circumstances
3.2.3.2.6.1. Valsalva manoeuvre
3.2.3.2.6.2. CVS response to standing
3.2.3.2.6.3. Haemorrhage
3.2.3.2.6.3.1. Refractory shock
3.2.3.2.6.4. Exercise
3.2.3.3. Endocrinology
3.2.3.3.1. Pancreas - endocrine
3.2.3.3.1.2. Glucagon
3.2.3.3.2. Growth hormone
3.2.3.3.3. Glucocorticoids
3.2.3.3.4. Thyroid hormones
3.2.3.3.5. Glucocorticoids
3.2.3.3.6. Erythropoietin
3.2.3.4. General physiology
3.2.3.4.1. Action potential
3.2.3.4.2. Resting membrane potential
3.2.3.4.3. Quick notes
3.2.3.4.4. Osmotic pressure and oncotic pressure
3.2.3.4.5. Gibbs-Donnan relationship
3.2.3.4.6. Electrolytes
3.2.3.4.6.1. Distribution of ions
3.2.3.4.6.1.1. Extracellular vs intracellular concentration
3.2.3.4.6.1.2. Sodium distribution
3.2.3.4.6.1.3. Potassium distribution
3.2.3.4.6.1.4. Magnesium distribution
3.2.3.4.6.1.5. Iron distribution
3.2.3.4.6.2. Magnesium
3.2.3.4.6.3. Iron
3.2.3.4.6.3.1. Iron in pregnancy
3.2.3.4.7. IV solutions
3.2.3.4.7.1. IV fluid
3.2.3.4.7.1.1. IV fluids from UK anaesthesia site
3.2.3.4.7.1.1.1. Paediatric fluid replacement
3.2.3.5. GIT
3.2.3.6. Haematology
3.2.3.6.1. Blood cells
3.2.3.6.1.1. Platelet
3.2.3.6.1.2. White blood cells
3.2.3.6.1.3. Red blood cells
3.2.3.6.1.3.1. Haemoglobin
3.2.3.6.1.3.1.1. Methaemoglobin
3.2.3.6.2. Transfusion medicine
3.2.3.6.2.2. Complications of blood transfusion
3.2.3.6.2.2.1. Massive blood transfusion
3.2.3.6.2.3. Blood storage
3.2.3.6.2.3.1. Plasma preparations
3.2.3.6.2.3.2. Platelet storage
3.2.3.6.2.3.3. Whole blood storage
3.2.3.6.2.4. Blood compatibility test
3.2.3.6.2.4.1. Coomb's test
3.2.3.6.3. Plasma protein
3.2.3.7. Immunology
3.2.3.8. Maternal and foetal
3.2.3.8.1. Changes to CVS at birth
3.2.3.8.2. Maternal
3.2.3.8.2.1. Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy
3.2.3.8.2.2. Respiratory changes in pregnancy
3.2.3.8.2.3. Endocrine changes in pregnancy
3.2.3.8.2.4. Metabolic changes in pregnancy
3.2.3.8.2.5. Haematological changes in pregnancy
3.2.3.8.2.6. Gastrointestinal changes in pregnancy
3.2.3.8.2.7. Renal changes in pregnancy
3.2.3.8.2.8. CNS changes in pregnancy
3.2.3.8.3. Placental gas exchange
3.2.3.9. Metabolism and Nutrition
3.2.3.9.1. Metabolism
3.2.3.9.1.1. Energy production
3.2.3.9.1.2. Carbohydrate metabolism
3.2.3.9.1.2.1. Glycolysis
3.2.3.9.1.2.2. Citric acid cycle
3.2.3.9.1.2.3. Oxidative phosphorylation
3.2.3.9.1.2.4. Gluconeogenesis
3.2.3.9.1.2.5. Glycogen synthesis and breakdown
3.2.3.9.1.2.6. Glucose transporter
3.2.3.9.1.3. Protein metabolism
3.2.3.9.1.4. Starvation
3.2.3.9.2. Scrap
3.2.3.10. Muscle
3.2.3.10.1. Muscle structure
3.2.3.10.1.1. Skeletal muscle
3.2.3.10.1.1.1. Skeletal muscle tension
3.2.3.10.1.1.2. Types of skeletal muscle
3.2.3.10.1.2. Cardiac muscles
3.2.3.10.1.3. Smooth muscles
3.2.3.10.2. Scrap
3.2.3.11. Neurophysiology
3.2.3.11.1. Scrap
3.2.3.11.2. QN: CSF
3.2.3.11.3. Thirst
3.2.3.11.4. Hunger
3.2.3.11.5. Circadian rhythm
3.2.3.11.6. Blood-brain barrier
3.2.3.11.7. Circumventricular organs
3.2.3.11.8. Autonomic nervous system
3.2.3.11.8.1. Anatomy
3.2.3.11.8.2. Neurotransmitters
3.2.3.11.8.3. Effects of ANS stimulation
3.2.3.11.8.4. Adrenergic receptors
3.2.3.11.8.5. Cholinergic receptors
3.2.3.11.9. QN: Pain
3.2.3.12. Renal
3.2.3.12.1. Basic functions of kidney
3.2.3.12.2. Structure of kidney
3.2.3.12.3. Glomerular filtration rate
3.2.3.12.4. Tubular transport mechanisms
3.2.3.12.5. Renal handling of organic substances
3.2.3.12.5.1. Active secretions of organic anions and cations
3.2.3.12.5.2. Urea
3.2.3.12.6. Renal handling of sodium, chloride and water
3.2.3.12.6.1. Daily balance of sodium and water
3.2.3.12.6.2. Sodium and water resorption by segments
3.2.3.12.6.3. Water reabsorption
3.2.3.12.6.4. Sodium reabsorption
3.2.3.12.6.5. Chloride reabsorption
3.2.3.12.6.6. Medullary osmotic gradient
3.2.3.12.6.7. Summary
3.2.3.12.7. Control of sodium and water excretion
3.2.3.12.7.1. Pressure natriuresis and diuresis
3.2.3.12.7.2. Tubuloglomerular feedback
3.2.3.12.7.3. Glomerulotubular balance
3.2.3.12.7.4. Control of Sodium balance
3.2.3.12.7.4.1. Aldosterone
3.2.3.12.7.4.2. Natriuretic hormones
3.2.3.12.7.4.3. Antidiuretic hormone (aka Vasopressin)
3.2.3.12.7.4.4. Renal nerve stimulation
3.2.3.12.8. Renal regulation of potassium
3.2.3.12.8.1. Potassium
3.2.3.12.9. Renal handling of acid-base balance
3.2.3.12.10. Renal regulation of calcium and phosphate balance
3.2.3.12.10.1. Calcium
3.2.3.12.10.2. Phosphorus
3.2.3.12.10.3. Vitamin D
3.2.3.12.10.4. Parathyroid hormone
3.2.3.12.10.5. Calcitonin
3.2.3.13. Respiratory
3.2.3.13.1. @@Lung structure
3.2.3.13.2. Ventilation and perfusion
3.2.3.13.2.1. Principles of physics
3.2.3.13.2.2. Ventilation
3.2.3.13.2.2.1. Mechanics of breathing
3.2.3.13.2.2.1.1. Lung compliance
3.2.3.13.2.2.1.2. Work of breathing
3.2.3.13.2.2.1.3. Airway resistance
3.2.3.13.2.2.1.4. Flow-volume curve
3.2.3.13.2.2.2. Lung volumes
3.2.3.13.2.2.2.1. Closing capacity and closing volume
3.2.3.13.2.2.2.2. Functional residual capacity
3.2.3.13.2.3. Perfusion
3.2.3.13.2.3.1. Gravity and pulmonary perfusion
3.2.3.13.2.3.2. Pulmonary vascular resistance
3.2.3.13.2.4. V/Q matching
3.2.3.13.2.5. Abnormality in ventilation and/or perfusion
3.2.3.13.2.5.1. V/Q inequality and its effect on PaO2 and PaCO2
3.2.3.13.2.5.2. Venous admixture
3.2.3.13.2.5.3. PaCO2 and end-tidal PCO2
3.2.3.13.2.5.4. Respiratory failure
3.2.3.13.3. Gas carriage
3.2.3.13.3.1. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG)
3.2.3.13.3.2. Gas transfer - perfusion limited vs diffusion limited
3.2.3.13.3.3. Mixed venous blood and O2 tension
3.2.3.13.3.4. Oxygen
3.2.3.13.3.4.1. Oxygen cascade
3.2.3.13.3.4.2. Oxygen dissociation curve
3.2.3.13.3.4.3. Oxygen flux
3.2.3.13.3.5. Carbon dioxide
3.2.3.13.3.5.1. CO2 carriage in blood
3.2.3.13.5. Special circumstances
3.2.3.13.5.1. Exercise
3.2.3.13.5.1.1. Oxygen consumption and ventilation
3.2.3.13.5.1.2. Oxygen debt
3.2.3.13.6. Others
3.2.3.13.6.1. 20050307
3.2.3.13.6.2. 20050103
3.2.3.13.6.3. 20041229
3.2.3.13.6.4. Oxygen toxicity
3.2.3.13.6.5. Metabolic lung functions
3.2.3.13.6.6. Altitude
3.2.3.13.7. Respiratory
3.2.3.13.7.1. Pulmonary gas volumes and ventilation
3.2.3.13.7.1.1. Physiological dead space
3.2.3.13.7.1.2. Ventilation distribution
3.2.3.13.7.2. Pulmonary circulation
3.2.3.13.7.2.1. Pulmonary vs systemic circulation
3.2.3.13.7.3. Applied respiratory physiology
3.2.3.13.7.3.1. Functional residual capacity
3.2.3.13.7.4. Oxygen toxicity
3.2.3.13.7.5. Respiratory - Questions only
3.2.3.16. SAQs
3.2.3.16.1. Acid and base
3.2.3.16.2. Blood and immune system
3.2.3.16.3. Cardiovascular
3.2.3.16.4. Cellular
3.2.3.16.5. Endocrine and metabolic
3.2.3.16.6. Fluid and electrolyte
3.2.3.16.7. Gastrointestinal
3.2.3.16.8. Maternal, foetal, neonatal
3.2.3.16.9. Muscle
3.2.3.16.10. Neurophysiology
3.2.3.16.11. Renal
3.2.3.16.12. Respiratory
3.2.3.16.12.1. Control of respiration
3.2.3.16.12.1.1. Exercise and ventilation
3.2.3.16.12.1.2. Respiratory rate
3.2.3.16.12.2. Mechanics of breathing
3.2.3.16.12.2.1. Lung compliance
3.2.3.16.12.2.2. Work of breathing
3.2.3.16.12.3. Ventilation-perfusion inequalities
3.2.3.16.12.3.1. Gravity and pulmonary perfusion
3.2.3.16.12.3.2. V/Q inequality and its effect on PaO2 and PaCO2
3.2.3.16.12.3.3. Venous admixture
3.2.3.16.12.4. Gas transport in the blood
3.2.3.16.12.4.1. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG)
3.2.3.16.12.4.2. CO2 carriage in blood
3.2.3.16.12.4.3. Gas transfer - perfusion limited vs diffusion limited
3.2.3.16.12.4.4. Mixed venous blood and O2 tension
3.2.3.16.12.4.5. Oxygen debt
3.2.3.16.12.5. Pulmonary gas volumes and ventilation
3.2.3.16.12.5.1. Airway resistance
3.2.3.16.12.5.2. Flow-volume curve
3.2.3.16.12.5.3. PaCO2 and end-tidal PCO2
3.2.3.16.12.5.4. Physiological dead space
3.2.3.16.12.5.5. Ventilation distribution
3.2.3.16.12.6. Pulmonary circulation
3.2.3.16.12.6.1. Pulmonary vascular resistance
3.2.3.16.12.6.2. Pulmonary vs systemic circulation
3.2.3.16.12.7. Applied respiratory physiology
3.2.3.16.12.7.1. Functional residual capacity
3.2.3.16.12.8. Oxygen toxicity
3.2.3.16.12.9. Respiratory - Questions only
3.2.3.16.13. Thermoregulation
3.2.3.16.14. Clinical measurement - SAQs
3.2.3.16.15. All SAQs
3.2.3.17. Viva questions
3.2.4. Clinical measurement
3.2.4.1. Basic principles
3.2.4.1.1. Electrical principles
3.2.4.1.1.1. Wheatstone bridge
3.2.4.1.2. Flow
3.2.4.1.2.1. Other flow-related principles
3.2.4.1.3. Gas laws
3.2.4.1.3.1. Gas cylinder
3.2.4.1.3.2. Partial pressure
3.2.4.1.3.3. STPD vs BTPS
3.2.4.1.4. Humidity
3.2.4.1.5. SI Units
3.2.4.1.6. Temperature and heat
3.2.4.1.7. Wash-in, wash-out, runaway curve
3.2.4.1.8. Gas analysis principles
3.2.4.1.9. Ultrasound
3.2.4.1.10. Fick principle
3.2.4.1.11. Law of Laplace
3.2.4.2. Measurements
3.2.4.2.1. Humidity measurement
3.2.4.2.3. Gas analysis
3.2.4.2.3.1. Generic methods
3.2.4.2.3.1.1. Gas chromatography
3.2.4.2.3.1.2. Mass spectormetry
3.2.4.2.3.1.3. Raman scattering
3.2.4.2.3.2. Oxygen-specific
3.2.4.2.3.2.1. Oxygen electrode (Clark electrode)
3.2.4.2.3.2.2. Fuel cell
3.2.4.2.3.2.3. Paramagnetic analysis
3.2.4.2.3.2.4. Pulse oximeter
3.2.4.2.3.3. Other techniques
3.2.4.2.3.3.1. Capnograph
3.2.4.2.3.3.2. Infrared analyzer
3.2.4.2.3.3.3. Piezoelectric crystal resonance
3.2.4.2.3.3.4. Other gas/blood gas analysis
3.2.4.2.4. Manometers
3.2.4.2.4.1. Blood pressure measurement
3.2.4.2.4.1.1. Fourier analysis
3.2.4.2.4.1.2. Measurement accuracy
3.2.4.2.4.1.3. Oscillometric blood pressure measurement
3.2.4.2.5. Nerve stimulator
3.2.4.2.6. Blood flow measurement
3.2.4.2.6.1. Cardic output measurement
3.2.4.2.7. Measurement of compartments
3.2.4.2.8. Flow and volume measurement
3.2.4.2.8.1. Pneumotachograph
3.2.4.2.8.2. Measurement of FRC
3.2.5. Anaesthesia
3.2.5.1. Post-operative nausea and vomiting
3.2.6. Clinical examination
3.2.6.1. Psychiatric history taking
3.2.6.1.1. Taking history in psychiatric cases
3.2.6.1.2. Presenting a psychiatric case
3.2.6.1.3. Mental status examination
3.2.6.1.4. Mini-mental state examination
3.2.7. Disease
3.2.8. Microbiology
3.2.8.1. Gram-positive cocci
3.2.8.1.1. Staphylococcus
3.2.8.1.1.1. Staphylococcus aureus
3.2.8.1.1.2. Staphylococcus epidermidis
3.2.8.1.1.3. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
3.2.8.1.2. Streptococcus
3.2.8.1.2.1. Streptococcus pyogenes
3.2.8.1.2.2. Streptococcus agalactiae
3.2.8.1.2.3. Streptococcus pneumoniae
3.2.8.1.2.4. Enterococcus
3.2.8.1.2.5. Nonenterococcal group D streptococci
3.2.8.1.2.6. Viridans streptococci
3.2.8.1.2.7. Others
3.2.8.2. Gram-positive bacilli/rod
3.2.8.2.3. Listeria
3.2.8.2.3.1. Listeria monocytogenes
3.2.8.2.4. Others
3.2.8.3. Gram-negative cocci
3.2.8.4. Gram-negative bacilli/rods (enteric)
3.2.8.4.1. Escherichia coli
3.2.8.4.2. Salmonella
3.2.8.4.3. Campylobacter
3.2.8.4.4. Shigella
3.2.8.4.5. Vibrios
3.2.8.4.6. Yersinia
3.2.8.4.7. Helicobacter
3.2.8.4.8. Others
3.2.8.5. Gram-negative bacilli/rods (non-enteric)
3.2.8.5.1. Respiratory tract
3.2.8.5.1.1. Haemophilus
3.2.8.5.1.2. Bordetella
3.2.8.5.1.3. Legionella
3.2.8.5.3. Zoonotic
3.2.8.5.3.1. Brucella
3.2.8.5.3.2. Francisella tularensis
3.2.8.5.3.3. Pasteurella
3.2.8.5.3.4. Yersinia Pestis
3.2.8.5.3.5. Bartonella
4. Format guide