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Notes
      3. Old stuff
          3.2. Old physio stuff (around 2005)
              3.2.3. Physiology
                  3.2.3.2. Cardiovascular
 3.2.3.2.6. Special circumstances 
 1. Valsalva manoeuvre
 2. CVS response to standing
 3. Haemorrhage
 4. Exercise

Special circumstances

Long standing anaemia

[WG21: p642]

In otherwise healthy individual

  • Hb<75g/L --> Exertional dyspnoea
  • Hb<60g/L --> Weakness
  • Hb<30g/L --> Dyspnoea at rest
  • Hb<20g/L --> Heart fails

Special circumstances

  • Hypovolemia
  • Haemorrhage
  • Pregnancy
  • Foetal/newborn
  • Exercise
  • Supine --> standing
  • Valsalva
  • Anaesthetics
  • IPPV/PEEP

Artificial respiration

Lung inflation by positive pressure
--> Increase in intrathoracic pressure
--> Decrease in venous return to heart

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